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Objective:To explore the efficient extraction method of organic selenium from selenium-rich tea and its occurrence form.Methods:The continuous dialysis method and the subtraction method were used to optimize the extraction method of organic selenium. At the same time, the four proteins (water-soluble, salt-soluble, alcohol-soluble, alkali-soluble proteins) were sequentially extracted according to the classification and properties of Osborne soluble proteins. In vitro simulation technology was used to simulate the digestion process of selenium in selenium-rich tea in the gastrointestinal fluid, and the bioavailability of human intake of selenium and the occurrence form of organic selenium were further analyzed by atomic fluorescence spectrometer-liquid chromatography. Results:The total selenium content of selenium-rich tea was (303.12 ± 1.19) μg/kg. The contents of organic selenium measured by the continuous dialysis method and the subtraction method were (154.76 ± 9.47) and (265.02 ± 6.55) μg/kg, respectively, the difference was statistically significant ( t=- 2.56, P < 0.05). The contents of four proteins in descending order were alkali-soluble protein (29.79 g/100 g), water-soluble protein (2.52 g/100 g), salt-soluble protein (2.15 g/100 g), and alcohol-soluble protein (1.04 g/100 g), respectively. After digestion simulation of gastrointestinal fluid, the selenium content of tea samples was (203.01 ± 3.16) μg/kg, and the bioavailability of selenium was 66.97%. The content of selenomethionine (SeMet) in alcohol-soluble protein was (13.87 ± 3.21) μg/kg, and the content of selenocysteine (SeCys) was (0.82 ± 0.38) μg/kg; the content of SeMet in alkali-soluble protein was (2.59 ± 2.16) μg/kg. Conclusions:In the extraction method of organic selenium from selenium-rich tea, subtraction method is better than continuous dialysis method. SeMet in selenium-rich tea can be detected in alcohol-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins, and SeCys can be detected in alcohol-soluble protein.
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Objective:To test the validity and reliability of the Chinese Version Scale of Social Skill for Nursing(C-SSSN).Methods:The Japanese version SSSN was translated into Chinese according to Beaton's Translation Model.Totally 547 clinical nurses who met the criterion in a tertiary hospital in Yinchuan were selected for analyzing the items and investigating content validity,structure validity and internal consistency reliability.After 2 weeks,30 nurses were randomly selected for reassessment.Results:The content validity index (S-CVI) of C-SSSN was 0.87,the items content validities (I-CVI) varied from 0.86-1.00.Exploratory factor analysis was employed for extracting the 7 common factors and conformed 6 dimensions.The loads of items in the common factors were 0.43-0.88 correspondingly.The cumulative contribution rate was 60.38％.The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.89,the alpha coefficients of the 6 dimensions arranged 0.76-0.93.The retest reliabilities (r) were 0.83 for the total scale and 0.77-0.83 for the six dimensions.Conclusion:The Chinese Version Scale of Social Skill for Nursing has been proved to be reliable and valid which could be used to evaluate clinical nurses' social skill.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Jinan city during 2011—2015, so as to provide scientific basis for working out effective prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#The mumps surveillance data were obtained from Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics.@*Results@#A total of 16 510 cases were reported during the five years, with the average annual incidence of 48.08/105. The disease had obvious seasonality with two peak seasons: from January to February and from June to July. The incidence in the urban area was higher than that in the rural area. The incidence of mumps was high in children at the age of 5 to 9 years, accounting for 51.29%; mumps was more common in men than women (the ratio of men to women was 1.17∶1); The quantity of cases occurred in students was the highest, accounting for 66.74%.@*Conclusions@#In recent years, the mumps incidence in Jinan city decreased year by year.It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring, prevention and control of mumps, adopt reasonable immunization plan h is suggested that the enhanced immunization should be implemented among children under1 5 years of age to improve the immunity level of the susceptible population.
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Background Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a kind of clinically common and incurable ocular disease,and its incidence is at top place.The etiology and pathologic mechanism of TAO are still unknown because of shortness of replicative animal models and difficulty to acquire the ocular tissues in the early stage of the disease.To better understand the pathogenesis of TAO and investigate effective treatable measures, an appropriate animal model should be developed.Objective This study was to immunize female BALB/c mice with the recombinant plasmid of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) extracellular domain in cationic liposomes for the establishement of TAO models.Methods Thirty-two 6-to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups according to computer random allocation.pcDNA3.1 +/hTSHR289 of 100 μg in an adjuvant cationic liposomes was injected via anterior tibialis muscle and peritoneal cavity separately in the recombinant plasmid injection group in 0, 3,6 weeks, and pcDNA3.1 or cationic liposomes was injected in the liposomes injection group or the blank plasmid group in the same way, respectively, and normal saline solution was injected in the blank control group.Body weight of the mice was measued before and 1 month,2,3 and 4 months after initial injection.The manifestations were observed after modeling.The mice were sacrificed 17 weeks after initial injection,and the histopathology examination was carried out on the thyroid gland and orbital tissue.The heart blood was collected from the mice,and serum contents of total thyroxin 4 (TT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)were assayed by ELISA.Results Protrusion, eyelid swell and keratitis occurred in 12 eyes of 6 mice in the recombinant plasmid injection group after immunization.A significant difference in the body weight of the mice was found among the blank control group, blank plasmid group, liposomes injection group and recombinant plasmid injection group (Fgroup =3.425, P =0.028), and the body weight was considerably reduced in the recombinant plasmid injection group in comparison with the blank control group, blank plasmid group,liposomes injection group (Ftime =0.838 ,P=0.023).The serum levels of TT4 were (7.75±1.00), (7.96±0.76), (6.76±1.10) and (4.43±2.88) μg/dlin the blank control group, liposomes injection group, blank plasmid group, and recombinant plasmid injection group, and those of TSH were (6.36±2.58),(4.83±3.96),(6.63±1.71) and (1.60 ±1.76) ng/ml, showing significant differences among the groups (F =7.150, P＜0.001;F =5.521, P＜0.01) , and the serum levels of TT4 and TSH were remarkably lower in the recombinant plasmid injection group than those of the blank control group,liposomes injection group and blank plasmid group (all at P ＜ 0.05).Histopathology revealed the lymphocyte infiltration of thyroid gland in 6 mice and proliferation of orbital adipose tissue, infiltration of lymphocytes and mastocytes,deposition of hyaluronic acid as well as swell, breakage and inflammatory cell infiltration of extraocular muscle in 15 eyes of the recombinant plasmid injection group.Conclusions A murine model of TAO can be successfully induced by immunization with recombination plasmid pcDNA3.1 +/hTSHR289 and cationic liposomes.The histopathology characteristics and ocular findings of the animal models are similar to human TAO.